Biological and physico-chemical characterization of shallow lakes in Spain’s Sierra Nevada

Registros

Los datos en este recurso de evento de muestreo han sido publicados como Archivo Darwin Core(DwC-A), el cual es un formato estándar para compartir datos de biodiversidad como un conjunto de una o más tablas de datos. La tabla de datos del core contiene 102 registros.

también existen 2 tablas de datos de extensiones. Un registro en una extensión provee información adicional sobre un registro en el core. El número de registros en cada tabla de datos de la extensión se ilustra a continuación.

Este IPT archiva los datos y, por lo tanto, sirve como repositorio de datos. Los datos y los metadatos del recurso están disponibles para su descarga en la sección descargas. La tabla versiones enumera otras versiones del recurso que se han puesto a disposición del público y permite seguir los cambios realizados en el recurso a lo largo del tiempo.

Versiones

La siguiente tabla muestra sólo las versiones publicadas del recurso que son de acceso público.

¿Cómo referenciar?

Los usuarios deben citar este trabajo de la siguiente manera:

Villar Argáiz M, Pérez-Martínez C, Llodrà Llabrés J M, Conde-Porcuna J M, Ramos Rodríguez E, Picazo Mota F, Martínez-López J, López Rodríguez M J, Carrillo Lechuga P, Medina Sánchez J M, Corral Arredondo E (2023). Biological and physico-chemical characterization of shallow lakes in Spain’s Sierra Nevada. Version 2.0. Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory. Andalusian Environmental Center, University of Granada, Regional Government of Andalusia. Samplingevent dataset. https://doi.org/10.15470/xuoj6b

Derechos

Los usuarios deben respetar los siguientes derechos de uso:

El publicador y propietario de los derechos de este trabajo es Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (UGR-JA). Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons de Atribución/Reconocimiento (CC-BY 4.0).

Registro GBIF

Este recurso ha sido registrado en GBIF con el siguiente UUID: d748450c-605e-4768-a0db-2299cbbfc567.  Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (UGR-JA) publica este recurso y está registrado en GBIF como un publicador de datos avalado por GBIF Spain.

Palabras clave

Samplingevent; chlorophyll-a; nutrients; cations; anions; phosphorous; nitrogen; bacteria; zooplankton; high mountain lakes; Sierra Nevada

Contactos

Cobertura geográfica

Sierra Nevada, situated in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula within Spain, spans the provinces of Granada and Almería. This mountain range extends over 2,273 square km and reaches its highest point at 3,479 meters a.s.l. at the Mulhacén summit. Due to its southern European location, proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, and considerable elevation, Sierra Nevada boasts a diverse range of climatic conditions, encompassing five of the six bioclimatic zones found in the Mediterranean region, ranging from the thermo-mediterranean to the crioro-mediterranean. The Sierra Nevada Natural Area boasts an extensive hydrographic network, comprised of rivers, streams, and high mountain lakes, primarily nourished by the snowmelt from its towering peaks. This dataset covers high elevations shallow lakes of glacial origin located between 2,700 and 3,100 meters a.s.l., on small catchment areas above treeline characterised by metamorphic siliceous bedrocks, poorly developed soils and steep topographic gradients.

Cobertura taxonómica

This dataset includes a total of 2,649 occurrence records of bacteria and zooplankton, the latter represented by 14 families, 20 genera and 19 species.

Cobertura temporal

Datos del proyecto

1-The Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (https://obsnev.es/) is an ambitious project promoted by the Department of Sustainability, Environment and Blue Economy of the Regional Government of Andalusia with the scientific coordination of the University of Granada, in order to monitor the effects of global change in the Sierra Nevada protected area. For this purpose, the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory has developed a monitoring programme and an information system for appropriate data management. 2-Smart EcoMountains (University of Granada-Sierra Nevada, Spain) is the Thematic Center on Mountain Ecosystems of the European Research Infrastructure LifeWatch-ERIC (https://smartecomountains.lifewatch.eu/). The main objective of the project is the long-term evaluation of mountain ecosystems' functions and services in the context of global change, using remote sensing, computing and new information and communication technologies advanced tools. The Smart EcoMountains project pursues three main objectives: 1) generate information on biodiversity, ecosystem services and global change in mountain ecosystems; 2) develop new technological tools and services that facilitate the exchange, localisation, access and analysis of data by scientists, in order to improve our knowledge of mountain ecosystems and the main global change processes affecting them; 3) develop tools to inform society about the most important global change processes affecting mountain biodiversity and ecosystem services, and support environmental managers and policymakers in science-based decision making. 3-REMOLADOX project, under the umbrella of the LifeWatch-ERIC Smart EcoMountais, is focussed on the study of high mountain lakes in Sierra Nevada, as ideal sites in which to capture signals of change in global stressors (precipitation, ultraviolet radiation, aeolian dust deposition or warming, among others), and serve as “crystal balls” for forecasting what is to come in lower altitudes in the future. 4-MIXOPLASCLIM project integrates observational and experimental studies, with a double generic objective: (i) Quantify the degree of contamination by plastics and their polluting derivatives (e.g., BPA), as well as the magnitude of the interaction between climatic change stressors and pollutants derived from plastics in the food webs of various Mediterranean aquatic ecosystems, including the high-mountain lakes of the Sierra Nevada. (ii) Develop a bioremediation tool based on mixotrophic algae-bacteria consortia to eliminate plastics and their contaminating derivatives. 5-LACEN (OAPN 2403S/2017) project pursues two main objectives related to this database: 1) develop an algorithm to know chlorophyll-a concentration of Sierra Nevada lakes through satellite images; 2) generate a database on Sierra Nevada lake features (herbivory and visitor pressure, nutrient concentration, morphometric features…) to explain the chlorophyll-a concentration and its changes in the lakes as a tool for science-based decision making.

Personas asociadas al proyecto:

Métodos de muestreo

1. Sampling: field samples were taken during the ice-free period when there was maximum biological activity in July or early August. In the smaller shallow lakes (ca. 1 meter or less), water samples were taken aleatory around the perimeter using a pole-mounted buckets. For larger lakes, water samples were taken at the deepest part of the lake using an integrating water sampler of the upper waters (ca. 1.2 m). Water was mixed in a container and subsamples taken for the quantitative assessment of bacteria, zooplankton, macronutrients (total and dissolved nutrients), major cations and anions, and alkalinity. 2. Physico-chemical characterization: temperature was measured in situ using precision portable thermometers. Turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, NTU, conductivity and salinity were determined within three 3 hours after sampled using a YSI ProDSS probe. 3. Nutrients, major cations/anions, and alkalinity: total nitrogen and total phosphorus samples were persulfate digested and measured as nitrate and as soluble reactive phosphorus, respectively, by means of standard spectrophotometric methods (APHA, 1998). These methods were also used to measure total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorus after filtration through Whatman GF/F filters. Major cations and anions were measured in ion chromatography. Total alkalinity was measured by the acid tritation method (APHA, 1998). 4. Bacteria and zooplankton: for the quantification of bacteria aliquots were fixed with paraformaldehyde, stained with SYBR Green I DNA and determined using a Becton Dickinson FACScan flow cytometer and Yellow-green-1 µm beads (Lozano et al. 2022). Zooplankton were identified and counted with the aid of an inverted microscope. 5. Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) sampling and analysis: water samples were filtered through pre-combusted glass fibre filters (Whatman GF/F, pore size = 0.7 µm). Filters were frozen at -20ºC until the analysis. For analysis, chl-a was extracted with 7 ml 99% absolute ethanol for analysis during 24 h in refrigerated and dark conditions. Chl-a concentration was determined spectrophotometrically using a Perkin Elmer UV-Vis 25 spectrophotometer with 5-cm path-length cuvettes (Jeffrey & Humphrey, 1975; Ritchie, 2006).

Descripción de la metodología paso a paso:

1. 1. Field sampling, measurement of environmental variables (see Sampling Description section). 2. Sampling processing in the laboratory (see Sampling Description section). 3. Data storage in Linaria (https://linaria.obsnev.es/), the institutional data repository of the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory. 4. Standardisation to the Darwin Core structure (De Pooter et al., 2017) as sampling event data. It contains, specifically: 102 events, 2,649 occurrences, and 2,071 records of associated measurements (23 variables). The Darwin Core elements included in the Event Core are: eventID, modified, language, institutionCode, ownerInstitutionCode, datasetName, license, eventDate, year, month, day, continent, country, countryCode, highergeography, waterBody, minimumElevationInMeters, maximumElevationInMeters, samplingProtocol, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, geodeticDatum. For the Occurrence Extension are: occurrenceID, catalogNumber, collectionCode, eventID, eventDate, organismQuantity, organismQuantityType, basisOfRecord, scientificName, taxonRank, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specificEpithet, scientificNameAuthorship, occurrenceStatus. For the Measurement or Fact Extension table, the Darwin Core elements included are: measurementID, eventID, measurementType, measurementValue, measurementUnit, measurementMethod. In the eventDate element the local time zone (Europe/Brussels) is indicated as an offset from UTC (conforming to ISO 8601). Special values in the measurementValue element: “BDL” (Below Detection Limit). 5. The resulting dataset was published through the Integrated Publishing Toolkit of the Spanish node of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (http://ipt.gbif.es).

Referencias bibliográficas

1. APHA, American Public Health Association (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation, Washington DC.
2. De Pooter, D., Appeltans, W., Bailly, N., Bristol, S., Deneudt, K., Eliezer, M., Fujioka, E., Giorgetti, A., Goldstein, P., Lewis, M., Lipizer, M., Mackay, K., Marin, M., Moncoiffé, G., Nikolopoulou, S., Provoost, P., Rauch, S., Roubicek, A., Torres, C., van de Putte, A., … Hernandez, F. (2017). Toward a new data standard for combined marine biological and environmental datasets - expanding OBIS beyond species occurrences. Biodiversity data journal, (5), e10989. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10989
3. Lozano, I. L., González-Olalla, J. M., Medina Sánchez, J. M. (2022). New insights for the renewed phytoplankton-bacteria coupling concept: the role of the trophic web. Microbial Ecology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02159-6
4. Ritchie, R. J. (2006). Consistent sets of spectrophotometric chlorophyll equations for acetone, methanol and ethanol solvents. Photosynthesis research, 89, 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9065-9
5. Jeffrey S.W. & Humphrey G.F. (1975) New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophyll a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, 167, 191–194.
6. Villar-Argaiz, M., Corral Arredondo, E., Fajardo-Merlo, M. C., Barea-Azcón, J. M. (2022). Advancing open science in Sierra Nevada: Current citizen science campaigns. In: R. Zamora and M. Oliva editors. The Landscape of Sierra Nevada. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Metadatos adicionales