說明
The patterns of butterfly diversity and community changes in relation to elevation are an interesting and well-covered topic in ecology but the effects of aspect have rarely been evaluated. Here we studied the changes in butterfly species richness and communities along the elevation gradient and aspect of Galičica Mountain. As expected, species richness changed with altitude, showing a bimodal pattern with two peaks and a declining trend towards higher altitude. Changes were well-correlated with the area in each altitudinal zone, while the effects of productivity were less clear. Butterfly communities at higher altitudes were the most distinct when grouped according to β diversity estimates, followed by mid- and low-altitude communities. Indicator species were found in mid-altitudes and for the combination of low–mid and mid–high altitudes, but not among aspects. Overall, aspect produced a less conclusive effect on species richness and community composition. South and north accounted for most of these differences despite dominant western and eastern and exposition of the mountain slope. The community temperature index declined with altitude and on the northern aspect, showing these areas hosted more cold-adapted species. Notes on butterfly conservation are provided as 23 species known from historical surveys have not been recorded recently.
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如何引用
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Popović, M., Micevski, B., Verovnik, R., 2021. Effects of elevation gradient and aspect on butterfly diversity on Galičica Mountain in the Republic of Macedonia (south-eastern Europe). Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. Dataset/Occurrence: https://doi.org/10.15470/jacl7y
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此資料的發布者及權利單位為 Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona。 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) License.
GBIF 註冊
此資源已向GBIF註冊，並指定以下之GBIF UUID: 766cfff5-853d-4fb0-a4f7-2f7ef121a757。 Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona 發佈此資源，並經由GBIF Spain同意向GBIF註冊成為資料發佈者。
關鍵字
Species richness; Altitude; Exposition; Lepidoptera; iNEXT; Occurrence
聯絡資訊
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0887-6683
- 使用者
- 連絡人
- 連絡人
- 使用者
地理涵蓋範圍
Galičica is a calcareous mountain range at the junction of Macedonia, Albania and Greece and is shared between the two first mentioned states. It rises between the lakes of Prespa in the east and Ohrid in the west. The climate is mild–continental and Mediterranean, with climatic conditions stabilized by the presence of large water bodies. The mountain is situated on an elevated plain, with the base at 695 m and reaching the altitude of 2,265 m (Avramoski et al., 2010; Ćušterevska, 2016). It stretches in a south–north direction; the east and west are therefore dominant aspects. In 1958 the Macedonian part of Galičica was proclaimed a National Park, with a total area of 24,151 ha, and protected by the state (Matevski et al., 2011).
| 界定座標範圍 | 緯度南界 經度西界 [40.822, 20.588], 緯度北界 經度東界 [41.179, 21.039] |
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分類群涵蓋範圍
無相關描述
| Order | Lepidoptera |
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| Family | Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Riodinidae |
計畫資料
We compiled a check-list of butterfly species (Papilionoidea) and a large dataset of all records for the Galičica mountain range in the south-western part of the Republic of Macedonia, combining data from the literature and the authors’ field observations. The main goal of the study was to examine how butterfly species richness changes according to altitude and aspect of the mountain, which, in contrast to the nearby ranges, stretches in a north-south direction. We tested the effect of the area, ecosystem productivity and mid-domain effect on elevational patterns of species richness. In addition, we studied the similarities between butterfly communities and determined whether communities along the elevation gradient and aspect differed in community temperature indexes. We also provide notes on the potential extinction of several butterfly species in the area and discuss the conservation value of this mountain range.
| 計畫名稱 | Effects of elevation gradient and aspect on butterfly diversity on Galičica Mountain in the Republic of Macedonia (south-eastern Europe) |
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| 經費來源 | The work of M. Popović was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, contract No. 451-03-68/2020-14/200124. R. Verovnik was partially funded by the Slovenian Research agency (program P1-0184). |
| 研究區域描述 | Galičica is a calcareous mountain range at the junction of Macedonia, Albania and Greece and is shared between the two first mentioned states. It rises between the lakes of Prespa in the east and Ohrid in the west. The climate is mild–continental and Mediterranean, with climatic conditions stabilized by the presence of large water bodies. The mountain is situated on an elevated plain, with the base at 695 m and reaching the altitude of 2,265 m (Avramoski et al., 2010; Ćušterevska, 2016). It stretches in a south–north direction; the east and west are therefore dominant aspects. In 1958 the Macedonian part of Galičica was proclaimed a National Park, with a total area of 24,151 ha, and protected by the state (Matevski et al., 2011). |
| 研究設計描述 | A historical overview of butterfly fauna of Mt. Galičica was summarized by Krpač et al. (2011). This publication was geo–referenced within Biologer.org biodiversity database (Popović et al., 2020) and used as a baseline for our study. Besides records from the literature, we used an original dataset from Verovnik et al. (2010), unpublished data by I. Jugovic, A. Keymeulen, N. Micevski and the authors´ personal records. Species observations of MP, RV and geo–referenced records from the literature can be downloaded after registration on Biologer.org or this dataset published in GBIF. Four major periods in butterfly studies can be recognized: i) an initial study in 1918; ii) short field surveys in the mid–19th century; iii) detailed inventory work in the seventies and eighties; and iv) intensive field studies by several experts from 1995 onwards. A detailed checklist of recorded species is given in supplementary material, differentiating historical (before 1995) and recent data. |
參與計畫的人員:
取樣方法
Compiling species observations from different datasets could produce bias in the data and should be taken with caution. Thus, before proceeding to the statistical analysis, species occurrence records were subset to those with coordinate precision no less than 2 km. The unique combination of the species name, locality name and year was used to create samples –lists of observed species– and was assumed to be equal to the list of species recorded at a single sampling event. The incidence of frequency of species was determined by combining the samples from a certain elevation zone, or aspect. To remove accidental individual observations, data were further subset to include only samples with more than five observed species. Altitudes and aspects were extracted from a digital elevation model (European Environment Agency, 2016), while all GIS calculations were made using raster package in R (R Core Team, 2019). Altitude at each point of observation was extracted and used to divide samples in n classes of equal length between maximal and minimal altitude. Calculations were made starting from n = 20 and decreasing the value until good estimates were obtained (i.e. low standard errors, high sample coverage, and good representation of all classes). This resulted in 10 altitudinal classes from 689 m to 2,234 m. Aspect values were calculated in degrees and transformed to four major aspects (cardinal directions): north (0º–45º) and 315º–360º), east (45º–135º), south (135º–225º) and west (225º–315º). To determine dominant mountain aspects for each sample, we included the area in a radius of 1 km around the observation point (i.e. not only the aspect at the exact sampling location). The joint influence of several aspects was minimized by selecting samples with single aspects contributing more than 50 %, and discarding data for samples with more uniform aspect contributions.
| 研究範圍 | A historical overview of butterfly fauna of Mt. Galičica was summarized by Krpač et al. (2011). This publication was geo–referenced within Biologer.org biodiversity database (Popović et al., 2020) and used as a baseline for our study. Besides records from the literature, we used an original dataset from Verovnik et al. (2010), unpublished data by I. Jugovic, A. Keymeulen, N. Micevski and the authors´ personal records. Species observations of MP, RV and geo–referenced records from the literature can be downloaded after registration on Biologer.org or accessed through GBIF (this dataset). Four major periods in butterfly studies can be recognized: i) an initial study in 1918; ii) short field surveys in the mid–19th century; iii) detailed inventory work in the seventies and eighties; and iv) intensive field studies by several experts from 1995 onwards. A detailed checklist of recorded species is given in supplementary material, differentiating historical (before 1995) and recent data. |
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| 品質控管 | To compare differences in species diversity between altitudinal classes and aspects, we used species richness measure as a representation of α diversity. Calculations were made using the iNEXT package in R, allowing construction of both rarefaction and extrapolation curves; this provided a robust estimate of the true species diversity even in cases with low and unequal sampling effort (Chao et al., 2014; Hsieh et al., 2016). Incidence frequencies prepared in the previous step were used as input data and are available in supplementary material. The effect of an area on species richness was assessed by plotting the available area in each altitudinal class or aspect versus estimated species richness. The relationship between productivity and species richness was examined by plotting values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) versus estimated species richness. NDVI was obtained from MODIS (Didan, 2015) between April and September 2017–2019 (representing the vegetation period for the last three years). Average NDVI values were then calculated for each altitudinal class and aspect. Since productivity is directly related to climate, productivity–richness relationship could reflect the influence of climate on butterflies along the altitudinal gradient (Levanoni et al., 2011; Pettorelli et al., 2005). The presence of mid–domain effect was checked by plotting 95 % CI of the null model (1,000 replicates) against observed species richness, using rangemodel R package in R (McCain, 2003; Colwell, 2008). Where applicable, statistical significance was checked using Spearman correlation test in R. |
方法步驟描述:
- To estimate the similarity between butterfly communities (β diversity) at different altitudes and aspects of Mt. Galičica, we used the probability version of the Chao–Jaccard index, provided by CommEcol package in R. This index is less biased than classic similarity indices and it is not sensitive to the omission of some species from the samples (Chao et al., 2005). The results are shown as unrooted dendrograms produced in ape package in R. In addition to providing the Chao–Jaccard estimate, we used the indicator value index to search for indicator species of a certain elevation zone and aspect (Cáceres and Legendre, 2009). Elevation zones were grouped according to the estimates suggested by Chao–Jaccard index in three elevation classes (low, mid and high altitudes). Estimates were obtained using package indicspecies in R using IndVal.g estimator with 1,000 permutations. To test whether climate had any effects on shaping the butterfly communities we calculated the community temperature index (CTI) for each delineated altitudinal class and aspect of Mt. Galičica. CTI values were calculated as an average of the species temperature index (STI), accounting also for butterfly abundance (Schweiger et al., 2014). If the climate affected the distribution of butterflies in communities, it could be expected that CTI would decline from the southern to the northern aspect and from lower altitudes towards the top of the mountain. Differences were statistically tested using ANOVA and pairwise t–test in R. Since the test could be affected by unequal sampling, different season, or year of observation, we used only our recent field observations that were collated with an even sampling effort and over the same period.
引用文獻
- Popović, M., Micevski, B., Verovnik, R., 2021. Effects of elevation gradient and aspect on butterfly diversity on Galičica Mountain in the Republic of Macedonia (south-eastern Europe). Animal Bodiversity and Conservation, 44.1: 67–78, Doi: https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0067 https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2021.44.0067
額外的詮釋資料
| 替代的識別碼 | 10.15470/jacl7y |
|---|---|
| 766cfff5-853d-4fb0-a4f7-2f7ef121a757 | |
| https://ipt.gbif.es/resource?r=republic_of_macedonia_butterfly |